A Review of Maternal Anxiety, Depression, and Stress in the Second and Third Trimesters of Pregnancy

Abstract

Abstract Maternal mental health during pregnancy is critical for both maternal and child well-being. This paper explores the prevalence, risk factors, and consequences of anxiety, depression, and stress experienced by women in their 2nd and 3rd trimesters of pregnancy. Synthesizing recent literature, this review article highlights the unique vulnerabilities of this period, including hormonal shifts, physical discomfort, and impending parenthood. Elevated maternal anxiety, depression, and stress during these trimesters are linked to adverse maternal outcomes such as gestational complications, and negative child outcomes including preterm birth, low birth weight, and later developmental and behavioural challenges. Furthermore, this paper discusses potential screening and intervention strategies to support maternal mental health during this critical period. Future research directions should focus on longitudinal studies, culturally sensitive interventions, and exploring the nuanced interplay between biological, psychological, and social factors contributing to maternal mental distress in late pregnancy.